Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?
16 The men rose up from there, and looked toward Sodom. Abraham went with them to see them on their way. 17 Yahweh said, “Will I hide from Abraham what I do, 18 since Abraham will surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth will be blessed in him? 19 For I have known him, to the end that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of Yahweh, to do righteousness and justice; to the end that Yahweh may bring on Abraham that which he has spoken of him.” 20 Yahweh said, “Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous, 21 I will go down now, and see whether their deeds are as bad as the reports which have come to me. If not, I will know.” 22 The men turned from there, and went toward Sodom, but Abraham stood yet before Yahweh. 23 Abraham came near, and said, “Will you consume the righteous with the wicked? 24 What if there are fifty righteous within the city? Will you consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous who are in it? 25 May it be far from you to do things like that, to kill the righteous with the wicked, so that the righteous should be like the wicked. May that be far from you. Shouldn’t the Judge of all the earth do right?” 26 Yahweh said, “If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare the whole place for their sake.” 27 Abraham answered, “See now, I have taken it on myself to speak to the Lord, although I am dust and ashes. 28 What if there will lack five of the fifty righteous? Will you destroy all the city for lack of five?” He said, “I will not destroy it if I find forty-five there.” 29 He spoke to him yet again, and said, “What if there are forty found there?” He said, “I will not do it for the forty’s sake.” 30 He said, “Oh don’t let the Lord be angry, and I will speak. What if there are thirty found there?” He said, “I will not do it if I find thirty there.” 31 He said, “See now, I have taken it on myself to speak to the Lord. What if there are twenty found there?” He said, “I will not destroy it for the twenty’s sake.” 32 He said, “Oh don’t let the Lord be angry, and I will speak just once more. What if ten are found there?” He said, “I will not destroy it for the ten’s sake.” 33 Yahweh went his way as soon as he had finished communing with Abraham, and Abraham returned to his place.
God decides to tell Abraham what he is about to do, and Abraham argues him down from fifty to ten without being rebuked once.
The scene turns toward Sodom, and God pauses to reason with himself where the reader can hear it: Will I hide from Abraham what I do?
The reason he gives is not that Abraham deserves to know. It is that Abraham has been chosen for something and the knowing belongs to it — that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of Yahweh, to do righteousness and justice. God is about to perform an act of judgment, and he intends the man he has chosen to understand how he does it, so that a family can be taught what righteousness and justice mean. What follows is that instruction.
God's stated procedure is worth noting. I will go down now, and see whether their deeds are as bad as the reports which have come to me. This is the same descent as at Babel, and it describes a judge investigating rather than reacting. Nothing is destroyed on a report.
Then Abraham comes near, and the argument begins. It is one of the boldest conversations in Scripture, and everything about how it is conducted matters.
He opens with a principle rather than a request: Will you consume the righteous with the wicked? His concern is not first for Lot — Lot is never named in the whole exchange — but for whether God's judgment can sweep up the innocent. And he presses it as a question about God's character, in a sentence that has been the ground of every honest complaint about suffering since: Shouldn't the Judge of all the earth do right?
That is not a rebuke of God and it is not doubt. It is an appeal to God against a possibility, on the assumption that God is the kind of being to whom such an appeal can be made. Abraham is arguing from what he knows of God to what God must therefore do.
The bargaining descends in steps — fifty, forty-five, forty, thirty, twenty, ten — and Abraham's manner is exquisitely careful throughout. He calls himself dust and ashes, twice says he has taken it on himself to speak, and twice asks the Lord not to be angry. He knows exactly what he is doing and how far outside his standing it is.
And he is never rebuked. God answers every single time, immediately and without qualification, and the answer is always yes. There is no point in the exchange where the boldness is checked.
The most significant feature is who stops. Abraham stops at ten; God does not. There is no verse in which God says that is far enough. The limit in the passage is the limit of one man's nerve, and the reader is left to wonder what the answer would have been at five.
What the argument establishes is that God's judgment is discriminating — that he will spare a whole wicked city for the sake of a very few righteous people in it, which is a remarkable proportion and is God's own stated position rather than Abraham's. And when the city falls in the next chapter, it turns out there were not ten. The intercession did not save Sodom, and it is answered anyway in a way Abraham never sees: God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the middle of the overthrow Genesis 19:29.
settled What this mark means