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Ammon, Edom and the Pride of the Rock

1 Of the children of Ammon. Yahweh says: “Has Israel no sons? Has he no heir? Why then does Malcam possess Gad, and his people dwell in its cities? 2 Therefore behold, the days come,” says Yahweh, “that I will cause an alarm of war to be heard against Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and it will become a desolate heap, and her daughters will be burned with fire; then Israel will possess those who possessed him,” says Yahweh. 3 “Wail, Heshbon, for Ai is laid waste! Cry, you daughters of Rabbah! Clothe yourself in sackcloth. Lament, and run back and forth among the fences; for Malcam will go into captivity, his priests and his princes together. 4 Why do you boast in the valleys, your flowing valley, backsliding daughter? You trusted in her treasures, saying, ‘Who will come to me?’ 5 Behold, I will bring a terror on you,” says the Lord, Yahweh of Armies, “from all who are around you. All of you will be driven completely out, and there will be no one to gather together the fugitives. 6 “But afterward I will reverse the captivity of the children of Ammon,” says Yahweh. 7 Of Edom, Yahweh of Armies says: “Is wisdom no more in Teman? Has counsel perished from the prudent? Has their wisdom vanished? 8 Flee! Turn back! Dwell in the depths, inhabitants of Dedan; for I will bring the calamity of Esau on him when I visit him. 9 If grape gatherers came to you, would they not leave some gleaning grapes? If thieves came by night, wouldn’t they steal until they had enough? 10 But I have made Esau bare, I have uncovered his secret places, and he will not be able to hide himself. His offspring is destroyed, with his brothers and his neighbors; and he is no more. 11 Leave your fatherless children. I will preserve them alive. Let your widows trust in me.” 12 For Yahweh says: “Behold, they to whom it didn’t pertain to drink of the cup will certainly drink; and are you he who will altogether go unpunished? You won’t go unpunished, but you will surely drink. 13 For I have sworn by myself,” says Yahweh, “that Bozrah will become an astonishment, a reproach, a waste, and a curse. All its cities will be perpetual wastes.” 14 I have heard news from Yahweh, and an ambassador is sent among the nations, saying, “Gather yourselves together! Come against her! Rise up to the battle!” 15 “For, behold, I have made you small among the nations, and despised among men. 16 As for your terror, the pride of your heart has deceived you, O you who dwell in the clefts of the rock, who hold the height of the hill, though you should make your nest as high as the eagle, I will bring you down from there,” says Yahweh. 17 “Edom will become an astonishment. Everyone who passes by it will be astonished, and will hiss at all its plagues. 18 As in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and its neighbor cities,” says Yahweh, “no man will dwell there, neither will any son of man live therein. 19 “Behold, he will come up like a lion from the pride of the Jordan against the strong habitation; for I will suddenly make them run away from it, and whoever is chosen, I will appoint him over it. For who is like me? Who will appoint me a time? Who is the shepherd who will stand before me?” 20 Therefore hear the counsel of Yahweh, that he has taken against Edom, and his purposes that he has purposed against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely they will drag them away, the little ones of the flock. Surely he will make their habitation desolate over them. 21 The earth trembles at the noise of their fall; there is a cry, the noise which is heard in the Red Sea. 22 Behold, he will come up and fly as the eagle, and spread out his wings against Bozrah. The heart of the mighty men of Edom at that day will be as the heart of a woman in her pangs.
Jeremiah 49:1-22 · WEB

Two neighbors are judged for taking what was not theirs and for a confidence built on high ground, and in the middle of Edom's sentence God offers to keep its orphans alive.

The case against Ammon is a property dispute. Has Israel no sons? Has he no heir? Why then does Malcam possess Gad? When the northern tribes were deported, Ammon moved into the empty territory east of the Jordan and settled it. The oracle treats that as theft from an absent owner rather than as a conquest, and the sentence is worded as repossession: Israel will possess those who possessed him. The national god goes into captivity with his priests and princes, in the same words used of Moab's Jeremiah 48:7, and what Ammon had trusted is named — her treasures, and the confidence of a rich valley saying Who will come to me?

Edom is judged for something less material. The oracle opens by asking where the famous wisdom of Teman has gone, and then strips the country with an image drawn from harvest law. Grape gatherers leave gleanings behind and even thieves stop when they have enough — but I have made Esau bare, I have uncovered his secret places, and he will not be able to hide himself. The point of the comparison is that ordinary plundering leaves something; this does not.

And then, in the middle of it, a sentence that has no business being there. Leave your fatherless children. I will preserve them alive. Let your widows trust in me. It is addressed to Edomites, in an oracle announcing their destruction, and it offers the two most defenseless classes in the ancient world the protection the law had commanded Israel to give its own Deuteronomy 10:18. The judgment falls on a nation; the offer inside it is made to particular people, and it is made to enemies.

The argument that closes the Edom oracle is the one used earlier over the cup. Nations that had less reason to expect it have already drunk; and are you he who will altogether go unpunished? The specific fault named is a place and a state of mind together — the pride of the heart of people who live in the clefts of the rock and hold the height of the hill. A country whose capital sat in a defensible gorge had built a theology out of its geography, and the reply is that a nest as high as an eagle's is still brought down. The last question of the section is the widest thing in it: For who is like me? Who will appoint me a time? Who is the shepherd who will stand before me?

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