Nations Left to Test Israel
1 Now these are the nations which Yahweh left, to test Israel by them, even as many as had not known all the wars of Canaan; 2 only that the generations of the children of Israel might know, to teach them war, at least those who knew nothing of it before: 3 the five lords of the Philistines, all the Canaanites, the Sidonians, and the Hivites who lived on Mount Lebanon, from Mount Baal Hermon to the entrance of Hamath. 4 They were left to test Israel by them, to know whether they would listen to Yahweh’s commandments, which he commanded their fathers by Moses. 5 The children of Israel lived among the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites. 6 They took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their own daughters to their sons and served their gods. 7 The children of Israel did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and forgot Yahweh their God, and served the Baals and the Asheroth. 8 Therefore Yahweh’s anger burned against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Mesopotamia; and the children of Israel served Cushan Rishathaim eight years. 9 When the children of Israel cried to Yahweh, Yahweh raised up a savior to the children of Israel, who saved them, even Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother. 10 Yahweh’s Spirit came on him, and he judged Israel; and he went out to war, and Yahweh delivered Cushan Rishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand. His hand prevailed against Cushan Rishathaim. 11 The land had rest forty years, then Othniel the son of Kenaz died.
The remaining nations are given two purposes, and then the first cycle runs cleanly — the only one in the book with nothing bad to report about its deliverer.
Now these are the nations which Yahweh left, to test Israel by them, even as many as had not known all the wars of Canaan;
The nations left behind are given a use, and two are named. The first is a test — to know whether they would listen to Yahweh's commandments Judges 3:4. The second is stranger: to teach them war Judges 3:2. A generation raised in the land had never fought for it, and God is described as leaving them an education. Neither purpose cancels what chapter two said — that the nations remained because Israel would not remove them Judges 2:2–3. The same fact is Israel's disobedience, God's sentence, and God's instrument.
They took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their own daughters to their sons and served their gods.
The mechanism, in one verse, and the order is worth noting: intermarriage first, then worship. The law had forbidden these marriages and given exactly this reason — they would turn the heart to other gods Deuteronomy 7:3–4 Exodus 34:15–16, and Solomon would prove the point at scale 1 Kings 11:4. Israel did not decide to abandon God; it made family arrangements, and the religion followed.
The children of Israel did that which was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and forgot Yahweh their God, and served the Baals and the Asheroth.
The formula begins its seven-fold run, and this first instance adds the word the book has been building toward: forgot. Chapter two said the new generation didn't know Judges 2:10; here the verb is active. What follows is the pattern exactly as announced — God sold them into a Mesopotamian king's hand for eight years Judges 3:8, and the children of Israel cried to Yahweh Judges 3:9.
When the children of Israel cried to Yahweh, Yahweh raised up a savior to the children of Israel, who saved them, even Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother.
The first deliverer, and the reader has already met him taking a city and marrying Achsah Judges 1:12–13. Yahweh's Spirit came on him, and he judged Israel Judges 3:10 — the first of the book's seven comings of the Spirit Judges 6:34 Judges 11:29 Judges 14:6.
The land had rest forty years, then Othniel the son of Kenaz died.
The cycle closes in three verses, and its brevity is part of its testimony: nothing discreditable is recorded about Othniel. No hesitation, no bargaining, no signs demanded, no shrine erected afterward. He is the standard the rest of the book falls away from, and he is given the fewest words of any major figure in it. And the final clause is the pattern's hinge — the peace is measured by one man's lifespan Judges 2:18–19, so his death is the beginning of the next descent.
settled What this mark means