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The Nazirite Vow

1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, 2 “Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them: ‘When either man or woman shall make a special vow, the vow of a Nazirite, to separate himself to Yahweh, 3 he shall separate himself from wine and strong drink. He shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of fermented drink, neither shall he drink any juice of grapes, nor eat fresh grapes or dried. 4 All the days of his separation he shall eat nothing that is made of the grapevine, from the seeds even to the skins. 5 “‘All the days of his vow of separation no razor shall come on his head, until the days are fulfilled in which he separates himself to Yahweh. He shall be holy. He shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow long. 6 “‘All the days that he separates himself to Yahweh he shall not go near a dead body. 7 He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die, because his separation to God is on his head. 8 All the days of his separation he is holy to Yahweh. 9 “‘If any man dies very suddenly beside him, and he defiles the head of his separation, then he shall shave his head in the day of his cleansing. On the seventh day he shall shave it. 10 On the eighth day he shall bring two turtledoves or two young pigeons to the priest, to the door of the Tent of Meeting. 11 The priest shall offer one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, and make atonement for him, because he sinned by reason of the dead, and shall make his head holy that same day. 12 He shall separate to Yahweh the days of his separation, and shall bring a male lamb a year old for a trespass offering; but the former days shall be void, because his separation was defiled. 13 “‘This is the law of the Nazirite: when the days of his separation are fulfilled, he shall be brought to the door of the Tent of Meeting, 14 and he shall offer his offering to Yahweh: one male lamb a year old without defect for a burnt offering, one ewe lamb a year old without defect for a sin offering, one ram without defect for peace offerings, 15 a basket of unleavened bread, cakes of fine flour mixed with oil, and unleavened wafers anointed with oil with their meal offering and their drink offerings. 16 The priest shall present them before Yahweh, and shall offer his sin offering and his burnt offering. 17 He shall offer the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings to Yahweh, with the basket of unleavened bread. The priest shall offer also its meal offering and its drink offering. 18 The Nazirite shall shave the head of his separation at the door of the Tent of Meeting, take the hair of the head of his separation, and put it on the fire which is under the sacrifice of peace offerings. 19 The priest shall take the boiled shoulder of the ram, one unleavened cake out of the basket, and one unleavened wafer, and shall put them on the hands of the Nazirite after he has shaved the head of his separation; 20 and the priest shall wave them for a wave offering before Yahweh. They are holy for the priest, together with the breast that is waved and the thigh that is offered. After that the Nazirite may drink wine. 21 “‘This is the law of the Nazirite who vows and of his offering to Yahweh for his separation, in addition to that which he is able to afford. According to his vow which he vows, so he must do after the law of his separation.’”
Numbers 6:1-21 · WEB

Any Israelite, man or woman, may take on a priest's holiness for a chosen period, and the vow is visible in the hair.

“Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them: ‘When either man or woman shall make a special vow, the vow of a Nazirite, to separate himself to Yahweh,
Numbers 6:2 · WEB

The opening clause is the important one. Either sex, any tribe, entirely voluntary. In a book that has just spent four chapters establishing that only one family may serve at the altar, this provides a way for anyone at all to take on a temporary holiness — and to end it.

The three restrictions are specific and each removes something ordinary.

No product of the vine, and the ban is drawn absurdly wide: not wine, not vinegar, not juice, not fresh or dried grapes, and nothing that is made of the grapevine, from the seeds even to the skins Numbers 6:4. What is given up is not drunkenness but the whole plant that stood for celebration and prosperity.

No razor. The hair grows uncut for the length of the vow Numbers 6:5, which makes the commitment visible to everyone. A Nazirite cannot keep it private, and cannot quietly stop.

And no contact with a dead body — not even for his own parents — he shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister Numbers 6:7. That is the restriction placed on the high priest Leviticus 21:11, and here an ordinary farmer takes it on for a season.

What happens if the vow is broken by accident is the part that shows its character. If someone dies suddenly beside him, the whole period is void: the former days shall be void, because his separation was defiled Numbers 6:12. He shaves, brings offerings, and starts the count again from zero.

That is severe, and it is not a punishment — nothing was his fault. It is a statement that the vow was for a period of consecration rather than for an accumulated total, and a period with a gap in it is not that period.

At the end he shaves his head at the door of the tent and put it on the fire which is under the sacrifice of peace offerings Numbers 6:18. The hair that recorded the vow is burned, and he is free — after that the Nazirite may drink wine Numbers 6:20.

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